Medical

Ear Lobe Repair? Don’t do it without reading this!

By Dr.Amrita Basu(MBBS,MS) on March 25, 2023 1

Ear Lobe Repair? Don’t do it without reading this!

Lobuloplasty or the repair of ear lobule cleft is a common ear surgical procedure. Partial cleft, complete cleft, elongated ear lobule, etc all can be repaired.

What causes Ear lobe cleft? When do you need to repair your ear lobule?

Wearing heavy earrings.
Trauma during possible earring snatching or earring being suddenly pulled

Usually, the cleft is made into a complete cleft, and sections of the margin are de-epithelized, and then sutured or ear hole preserving surgery may be done, depending on the case.

Case Report

With a partial lobule cleft, a woman in her mid-thirties stopped wearing earrings because it was not aesthetic in appearance. The COVID pandemic pushed nonessentials out of the horizon. Plus the social head nodding if it looks bad. But why do you need to do it? You are married and already a mom, why do you need cosmetic procedures? Plus aesthetic procedures happen only in calm times.

After routine lab tests for preoperative assessment lobuloplasty was done under local anesthesia.

What is lobuloplasty ?

The lobuloplasty is the ear lobe repair It is an aesthetic surgery procedure and should be done under strict aseptic conditions by a trained surgeon. Adequate precautions if not taken can result in a deformed lobule and poor end results in the hands of an untrained person.

How to prevent ear piercing from becoming deformed or causing partial or total ear lobule cleft?

Avoid wearing heavy earrings which drag at your ear lobules.

Avoid wearing earrings at night even if it’s moderate weight for a prolonged period because gravity catches up.

Avoid wearing earrings that cause earache and inflammation.

Recurrence of cleft lobule is rare.

How to find the best place for Ear lobe repair solution?

Look for ENT surgeons near your area and visit their clinic to know the cost of ear lobe repair under their care. Routine blood tests will be needed before surgery. Your doctor will also check your blood pressure and take a detailed history of your current and past medical conditions. Always visit a registered doctor for your safety.

Preop pictures

Post-op Day 7 :Suture Removal

Disclaimer

The health-wellness information is shared on this website to improve public awareness about lifestyle diseases, and products, that may help or harm us. This is in no wa⁹y a replacement for professional medical advice. Please always consult your doctor for personalized medical advice.

How Does Your Gut Health Help You Exercise?

By Dr.Amrita Basu(MBBS,MS) on January 10, 2023 1

You know that exercise is good for you but do you feel like exercising? What motivates some to exercise and others to skip it? Is there a deeper physiology than just mindset? The motivation behind exercise and playing physical games that work as exercise is poorly understood. I like walking playing, badminton, table tennis, swimming, and anything that keeps me moving outdoors.

https://betterme.world/articles/somatic-exercises/ will give you the right kind of exercise for a healthy body and release pent up emotions.

*The connection between your gut and your exercise motivation*

The answer to what we find pleasurable hides in the neurochemical pathways in our brains. The more we feel good exercising the more we are inclined to exercise.That’s where the study “A microbiome-dependent gut-brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise ” is insightful.

An animal study done in mice suggests good gut health improves exercise motivation.The more broad-spectrum antibiotic one has, it kills the good gut bacteria. This also down-regulates dopamine receptors in the brain. That way, the exercise-related dopamine hit is lower and mice exercise less. We hope the same could work in higher animals like us humans and that would be great news.

The gut bacteria which help are identified as two types of bacteria, Eubacterium rectale, and Coprococcus eutactus. These strains produce compounds called fatty acid amides that interact with endocannabinoid receptors in the gut.

These receptors, when activated ask the brain to stop or lower the production of an enzyme monoamine oxidase. This in turn helps in dopamine breaking down less often and the post-exercise high staying long. The end result is, the mice continue to feel great after exercise and want to exercise again. Your gut too like the mouse gut has numerous microbes.Almost 2 Kg of it. Your gut bacteria population has a lot to do with your diet and your environment. The genetic influence is not very obvious when it comes to gut microbes.

What about probiotic supplements and their effect on gut health?
Eat healthy food. Add probiotics from natural sources to your diet. Home-made fresh curd is perfect. You can read more about Probiotics here.A healthy gut helps you prevent colon cancer too.

But did you know exercise, in turn, has the power to alter your gut bacteria? More about that coming soon.

Reference:

Sources:
Nature: “A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise.Dohnalová, L., Lundgren, P., Carty, J.R.E. et al. A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise. Nature 612, 739–747 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05525-z https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05525-z#citeas

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986535?src=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_ous_230109&uac=325529BT&impID=5071168

Gut microbes shape athletic motivation
Authors: Gulistan Agirmhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/366293961_Gut_microbes_shape_athletic_motivation

Microbiota and muscle highway — two-way traffic
November 2019Nature Reviews Endocrinology 16(2):1-2
DOI:10.1038/s41574-019-0291-6
Authors:John A Hawley Australian Catholic University
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-019-0291-6

Mailing, L. J. et al. Exercise and the gut microbiome: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 47, 75–85 (2019).
https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Fulltext/2019/04000/Exercise_and_the_Gut_Microbiome__A_Review_of_the.4.aspx

Breast Cancer: Early detection for Prevention #BreastCancer

By Dr.Amrita Basu(MBBS,MS) on October 15, 2022 6

One of my aunt-in-law, another aunt, and a family friend were all diagnosed with breast cancer at different ages. The good news is they all fought it hard and still fighting. They are survivors.

But the battle is hard. Early detection can reduce morbidity and mortality. But women are always apprehensive about seeking help. Talking about it may not do much except spread awareness, but that is what will determine the people who read my post to continue self-examination. That’s easy to do and our best chance for fighting this cancer . October is when we pray to Goddess Durga and also spread awareness about Breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Awareness Podcast

Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

Important to remember:
Some Breast Cancer Statistics you must know
RISK FACTORS:
Non Modifiable risk factors for Breast cancer
Modifiable Risk Factors:
Prevention of Breast Cancer
Symptoms of breast cancer:
Management of Breast Cancer:Important points to remember
Treatment of Breast cancer
Options in Kolkata
Important to know :

Important to remember:

It will help if you examine your entire breast area.

Don’t forget the nipple and areola.

Remember to palpate the underarm.

Blood-tinged discharge should never be ignored.

For any symptom beyond two weeks, consult a general surgeon /onco-surgeon for a check. up

Breast Cancer-Early detection is the key to successful treatment.

Some Breast Cancer Statistics you must know

Worldover Breast cancer is diagnosed in approx. 2.3 million women every year, and it causes 6,85,000 deaths each year. With over 70% of all new cases and 81% of all deaths observed in women aged 50 and above, the global burden from breast cancer remains concentrated in this age group. By 2040, the number of newly diagnosed breast cancers is projected to grow by over 40%, to about 3 million cases every year.

Similarly, deaths from breast cancer are set out to increase by more than 50%, from 685,000 in 2020 to 1 million in 2040.As per GLOBOCAN survey, 2020-1,78,361 new cases and 90,408 deaths were reported for breast cancer in India. While the earlier projections for 2020 by the Indian Cancer registry were 2,05,424 new cases in the year 2020.

Many countries in the world have a higher incidence of Breast Cancer than India but, their mortality rate is much lower, as the patient is diagnosed & treated in an early stage.

RISK FACTORS:

The risk factors of Breast cancer can be divided into Non Modifiable risk factors and modifiable breast cancer.

Non Modifiable risk factors for Breast cancer

Being a female, increasing age, early menarche, late menopause, having first-degree relatives with Breast Cancer are non modifiable risks.

Modifiable Risk Factors:

Smoking, alcohol, obesity ( specially after menopause), long-term use of hormone replacement therapy or contraceptive pills, advanced age at first pregnancy.

Prevention of Breast Cancer

Doing regular physical exercises, breastfeeding for at least a few months etc can help in the prevention of Breast cancer.

Symptoms of breast cancer:

Irrespective of age, Breast Lump & Breast Pain are the two most common complaints for which a female seeks Doctors advice. Other common symptoms are change in breast shape, recent nipple retraction, nipple discharge, etc.

BREAST LUMP-Although nearly 80-85 % of breast lumps are not malignant (Cancer), all lumps must be investigated before a final diagnosis is made.

The GENETICS:-The genetic origin of the disease is also found in a small percentage of patients. Hence the need, for extra precautions in female relatives of Breast Cancer patients. The individual risk of developing Breast Cancer is affected by the numbers of the family members affected with the disease. The age of the affected relative at time of diagnosis also influences risk.

Management of Breast Cancer:Important points to remember

Early diagnosis is the key to timely proper treatment of the breast cancer but unfortunately, in our country we still see patients in advanced stages of the cancer. Regular monthly self examination of the breast, yearly clinical examination of the breast by a Doctor, screening mammography every 2/3 years after the age of 40 definitely helps in diagnosis of the cancer at an early stage.

Breast cancer stage increases once it spreads by lymphatic to draining lymph nodes in armpit and other places, by blood to distant organs- liver, lungs etc., and also by local increase in size with adherence to underlying muscles and overlying skin.

The 5 year survival for Breast cancer is nearly 95% if pt. is diagnosed & treated in Stage 1, while this drops down to around 25% if pt treatment starts in advanced stage.

The Self Examination of Breast is to be done every month around same dates, preferably following the periods. For this, one should stand in front of a mirror, with both the hands raised near ear and later by hands on waist pressing slightly, to compare the shape & size of both breasts, check the level of nipples, note if there is any nipple discharge, look for any bulge anywhere in the breast area, compare the skin texture. Then by putting the arm in 90 degrees one should examine the armpit for any swelling. Then lying down on the bed, with a pillow underneath the shoulder, one should, with the help of finger tip pulp and palm examine whole of both the breast from outside to nipple area, in a circular fashion starting from collar bone above, lower ribs below, midline medially and anterior armpit fold laterally. Any difference between the two breasts or palpation of a lump warrants examination by an experienced doctor/ surgeon.

Mammography is a special X ray of the breast which also helps in early detection of a breast lump especially when it is small lump, more so in a bulky breast. Mammography has become a standard screening tool also. At times it can not differentiate if the lump has a solid or cystic (fluid filled) component, hence, now a days we prefer to do a sonography along with the mammography.

Core Biopsy:-Once a lump has been located either on self/clinical examination or by a sono-mammography, it is important to confirm its nature, whether it is benign or malignant. The mammography picture of a lump gives some idea of the nature of the lump but an examination of the cells by a pathologist only can confirm this. For this, the lump (excision biopsy)or its piece(core biopsy) has to be done and sent for histopathological examination.

Other investigations include CT scan to screen for metastasis and planning treatment.

Treatment of Breast cancer

Treatment includes Surgery,neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and or adjuvant chemotherapy ,Hormone therapy depending on stage of disease.

Options in Kolkata

Tata Medical Centre Kolkata Rajarhat offers comprehensive management for cancer.

Apollo Gleneagles Kolkata had state if the art facilities to manage all various cancers .

Premier medical colleges like Calcutta Medical College, SSKM,NRS ,CNMCH ,RG Kar Medical College all have infrastructure to manage breast cancer.Treatment at these Government hospitals are provided free of cost.

Important to know :

Males are also known to have breast cancer and 1 out of every 100 patients of breast cancer is a male-the treatment options are the same.

Issued in public interest by IMA .

This information is for awareness only. Please consult your doctor for more information on Breast cancer. Read the full Healthwealthbridge disclaimer .

Resources for further reading

NEONATAL DIABETES:5 Things you need to know

By Dr.Abhijit Misra (MBBS,MD) on June 28, 2022 0

1. What is Neonatal Diabetes?

Neonatal Diabetes mellitus is a relatively rare genetic disease (approximately 1 in 90,000 live births). It is characterized by the presence of severe hyperglycemia with insufficient or no circulating insulin, occurring mainly in infants before six months of age and rarely between 6 months and one year[source] .

1. What is Neonatal Diabetes?
2. What are the types of Neonatal Diabetes?
3. How does Neonatal Diabetes present?
4. How is Neonatal Diabetes diagnosed?
5 . How is Neonatal Diabetes treated?
Best Practices and Summary

Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

2. What are the types of Neonatal Diabetes?

Two clinical forms have been distinguished based on the duration of the treatment: a so-called “transient form” and a permanent form. In the transient form, treatment may be stopped anytime from the first weeks of life to 5 years of age. In the permanent forms, life-long therapy is necessary.

Two major groups of mechanisms explain the disease: malformation of the pancreas or abnormal function of the pancreatic β cell that secretes insulin (by poor insulin cell mass development) or malfunction of a cell component or by the destruction of the β cell) .

Most patients diagnosed with diabetes between 6 and 12 months of age will have the “typical” type 1 diabetes mellitus seen in older children with positive autoantibodies against the beta-cell.

Distinct molecular mechanisms do not always underpin the clinical difference between transient and permanent neonatal diabetes. Abnormalities of the 6q24 locus are exclusively linked to transient neonatal diabetes. However, mutations of the ABCC8, KCNJ11, and INS genes are linked to both permanent and transient forms

NEONATAL DIABETES picture showing newborn baby — *NEONATAL DIABETES*

3. How does Neonatal Diabetes present?

Neonatal diabetes may not always present in the immediate neonatal period.

Patients may present insidiously (with polyuria, polydipsia, or failure to thrive), acutely (with ketoacidosis or altered mental status), or incidentally without symptoms.

Neonatologists should become suspicious of diabetes when hyperglycemia persists for longer than seven to ten days.

4. How is Neonatal Diabetes diagnosed?

It is crucial to distinguish neonatal diabetes mellitus from other causes of hyperglycemia in the newborn. Other causes include infection, stress, and inadequate pancreatic insulin production in the preterm infant.

NDM should be considered in infants with insulin-dependent hyperglycemia, with blood glucose persistently greater than 250 mg/dL, without an alternative etiology.

The genetic analysis enables the diagnosis of monogenic diabetes in nearly 83% of diabetes diagnosed before six months. The genetic diagnosis is essential as it will both influence the treatment and make it possible to predict potential diabetes-related complications or illnesses. The genetic analysis must be carried out when diagnosing diabetes mellitus in all of the following children: age <6 months when diabetes mellitus is detected, or between 6 months and one year if extra-pancreatic features and/or no evidence of pancreas autoimmunity and/or multiple autoimmune disorders or unusual family history or associated congenital defects

5 . How is Neonatal Diabetes treated?

Monitoring is crucial. The treatment consists of the balance between a calorie and carbohydrate intake necessary to restore normal weight without being excessive to avoid the risk of future insulin resistance (15–18 g/kg/d carbohydrate) and sufficient insulin-based treatment to achieve the correct metabolic equilibrium.

Insulin-based treatment is challenging to manage due to the very low weight. The therapeutic margins between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are small, and both are harmful to the neurological development of the newborn. Using an insulin pump with or without dilution of the insulin to 1:10 in 0.9% NaCl (or with an appropriate diluent ) will improve the manageability of the insulin during the first weeks of life.

Patients with ABCC8 or KCNJ11 mutations are treated successfully using hypoglycemic sulfonylureas, which act by binding to the regulator SUR1 subunit of the potassium channel.

This emphasizes the importance of making a genetic diagnosis rapidly after diagnosing neonatal diabetes, especially the early introduction of sulphonylureas.

A trial of glyburide may be considered in newly diagnosed neonatal diabetes because of the relatively high chance of having a mutation responsive to treatment.

Due to the potential neurocognitive effects of delaying therapy, a trial of sulfonylurea therapy can be considered even before a genetic diagnosis is made, although genetic testing must be done in all cases.

Long-term follow-up should be implemented, including for the so-called “transient” forms of neonatal diabetes.

Best Practices and Summary

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is highly likely due to an underlying monogenic defect when it occurs under six months of age.
Genetic testing should be pursued in an infant with neonatal diabetes, even if hyperglycemia resolves. An underlying monogenic cause can lead to significant differences in clinical management and is highly likely when diabetes is diagnosed under six months, and less likely but still possible in infants with diabetes between 6-12 months of age.
Hyperglycemia due to stress or illness may occur in neonates, especially in those who are premature or have very low birth weight. Diagnosis of diabetes (and genetic testing) should be considered:
- When hyperglycemia (glucose >250 mg/dL) persists beyond a few days without alternative explanation.
- When true serum glucose levels exceed 300 mg/dL, regardless of the time course.
- In any infant requiring insulin before 6-12 months of age.
Sulfonylurea-responsive mutations are the most common causes of neonatal diabetes, and early treatment with sulfonylureas may improve neurocognitive deficits associated with these mutations. A sulfonylurea trial (glyburide) may be considered even before genetic testing results are available.

Chronic Rhinosinusitis(CRS) Update by European Rhinologic Society 2022 (For education only)

By Dr.Amrita Basu(MBBS,MS) on April 12, 2022 2

Chronic Rhinosinusitis Update by European Rhinologic Society 2022 for ENT and Head Neck surgeon was illuminating.

This is the authority and expertise I was talking about in my last post.The best thing that happened in 2022 was the revival of my Sasural (in-laws)home and garden in the village. Next, the best thing was the ability to attend classes and workshops seminars from all over the world online.

“CRS Update 2022” Webinar, was organized virtually on April 8, 2022, from 14.00h – to 16.00h European Eastern Time.

*Chronic Rhinosinusitis(CRS) Update by European Rhinologic Society 2022*

Programme
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Update
Chair: Dr. Timoleon Terzis
14.00 Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Professor Peter Hellings
14.20 Microbiome Professor Richard Douglas
14.40 Topical Treatments Professor John Del Gaudio
15.00 Surgery Professor Alkis Psaltis
15.20 Biologics Update Professor Claus Bachert
15.40 Discussion

The webinar was held under the auspices of the European Rhinologic Society (ERS) and the Hellenic Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery.

No matter what, if I was interested, I could hop on to the web platform, plug in the earphones, and listen. Some of the medical conferences also had stream later features. That was immensely helpful.Because kid’s education being home dependent on the average working motherlike me was overwhelmed. However, I did not want Corona to get the upper hand, and learning continued.

So this year, in April on Chronic Rhinosinusitis 2022 update we learned a few things.

3 Things stuck out:

Surgery may be considered early if the ostio meatal complexes are blocked send the sinuses are filled with secretions
Keep the patient’s position in mind when delivering intranasal steroid sprays and saline washes.
High volume Saline wash(more than 200ml) is beneficial when done diligently post-op after proper clearance of OMC

Extra points to ponder about:

Chronic Rhinosinusitis(CRS) Update by European Rhinologic Society 2022:Professor John Del Gaudio

Biologics
Biofilms
Role of Antibiotics

Important for doctors to keep in mind :

Topical steroid rinse may be considered in some postoperative cases

IL4, IL5, and Ig E levels are to be checked if you are planning biologics to treat type 2 Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal polyposis.

What I wish there were:

Discussion about the role of probiotics(if any) in CRS.

More about Sinusitis

Bookmark the entire ENT A to Z series :

ENT A-Z articles

I am participating in Ultimate Blog Challenge and #BlogchatterA2Z.F is hidden in the title.

Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD):What Can You Do in India?

By Dr.Amrita Basu(MBBS,MS) on August 24, 2021 5

What happens when the kidneys don’t work well? Many things, including Renal failure and uremia, both of which are life-threatening.

Few know about kidney health. Yet, we all have a pair of kidneys that do their work silently. Urine helps to clear the toxins from your body, and it’s the kidneys that do this essential work of filtration.

But what is Chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease is continuing kidney damage causing abnormal renal structure and progressive functional deterioration of the kidneys lasting at least three months to several years.

The numbers:

Worldwide 850 million people live with chronic kidney disease. (source)

A survey by ASSOCHAM and TARI showed kidney diseases to be the eighth most common non-communicable disease in India. Though exact data is unavailable, in India, 40-60% of cases of chronic kidney disease are due to hypertension and diabetes.

The Good news: Kidney diseases have effective treatment. Early diagnosis is essential.

In 2021 the slogan for World Kidney day was “Living Well With Kidney Disease”.

In case you already have kidney disease, what can you do?

Follow up with your nephrologist regularly.
Do the tests they recommend on time.
Don’t stop eating healthy food, exercise,” focus on” mental health, and sleep. They help prevent the risk factors of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Cardiac problems in the long run. Slowing the underlying cause goes a long way to effectively manage CKD.
Join an authentic Chronic Kidney disease support group. Having a support group helps you find information related to your choices and also monetary. Knowing about the best places to get treated, transplants, and funding available from the government or NGOs make the journey easier. The community support helps too.
You can Check the Government Medical Colleges in your city for access to affordable Dialysis options.The Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme helps with Dialysis for the needy.
Get dialysis done on time when you need it.

How Serious is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Kidney diseases are silent and are often identified late.
Screening of at-risk populations at least once a year will help detect kidney disease early.
It has high prolonged health care costs and affects the quality of life.
Diagnosis and follow-up require urine tests and blood tests.
Timely diagnosis helps in effective treatment and can prevent complications.
It presents late and often doesn’t go away.
Preventing Hypertension and Diabetes enables you to protect your kidneys.

Note: Prevention is the best policy.

Common Risk factors for Chronic Renal disease (CKD)are :

Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiac diseases
Obesity
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
History of sexually transmitted infection or injection drug use: Hepatitis B or C, HIV infection
Urinary tract infection, obstruction, or stone
Autoimmune disease (e.g., cryoglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus)
Men and women are equally affected by genetic causes of kidney disease. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Autosomal recessive Polycystic Kidney disease, Alport syndrome are genetic causes of CKD.
Certain drugs
Vesico Ureteric Reflux
Prolonged urinary obstruction due to kidney stones, prostate, cancer.

What are the preferred screening tests for CKD?How is CKD diagnosed?

Serum Creatinine
Spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio from an early morning urine sample.

What are the diagnostic indicators for CKD?

Persistently elevated Creatinine and albuminuria.These also have prognostic significance,

Other indicators include; altered acid-base balance :

Altered serum electrolytes
Abnormal Renal imaging finding
Urinary sediments
Altered glomerular filtration rate

What can you do to prevent Chronic Kidney disease?

Preventing causative risk factors can go a long way in preventing chronic kidney disease.
Genetic screening to rule out more such risks in a subsequent pregnancy is crucial if a child has kidney disease.
Eat healthy, exercise, sleep.
Drink water
Monitor your blood pressure and blood sugar.
If you have any risk factors or a family history of kidney disease, talk to your doctor about it and get screened.
Smoking and other addictions increase the risk.

Take care of your Kidneys today for a healthy tomorrow.

Medical

What causes Ear lobe cleft? When do you need to repair your ear lobule?

Case Report

What is lobuloplasty ?

How to prevent ear piercing from becoming deformed or causing partial or total ear lobule cleft?

How to find the best place for Ear lobe repair solution?

Post-op Day 7 :Suture Removal

Disclaimer

Sharing is good Karma!

Reference:

Sharing is good Karma!

Table of contents

Important to remember:

Some Breast Cancer Statistics you must know

RISK FACTORS:

Non Modifiable risk factors for Breast cancer

Modifiable Risk Factors:

Prevention of Breast Cancer

Symptoms of breast cancer:

Management of Breast Cancer:Important points to remember

Treatment of Breast cancer

Options in Kolkata

Important to know :

Resources for further reading

Sharing is good Karma!

1. What is Neonatal Diabetes?

Table of contents

2. What are the types of Neonatal Diabetes?

3. How does Neonatal Diabetes present?

4. How is Neonatal Diabetes diagnosed?

5 . How is Neonatal Diabetes treated?

Best Practices and Summary

Sharing is good Karma!

3 Things stuck out:

Extra points to ponder about:

Important for doctors to keep in mind :

What I wish there were:

Bookmark the entire ENT A to Z series :

Sharing is good Karma!

But what is Chronic kidney disease?

In case you already have kidney disease, what can you do?

How Serious is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Note: Prevention is the best policy.

Common Risk factors for Chronic Renal disease (CKD)are :

What are the preferred screening tests for CKD?How is CKD diagnosed?

What are the diagnostic indicators for CKD?

What can you do to prevent Chronic Kidney disease?

Sharing is good Karma!

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